Major General Teklebrhan W/Aregay (PhD)
July 22, 2024
Tigrayan politics have long been defined by a singular point of failure (SPOF) – a system over-reliant on a single entity for stability (Noveck, 2011). This article explores the historical roots of this SPOF, its impact, and potential solutions for a more resilient political landscape.
The Tigrayan Political SPOF: A Culture of Centralization
The Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) built a highly centralized political system in Tigray. This system thrived on characteristics like:
- Cult of personality: Excessive focus on a single leader (e.g., Meles Zenawi).
- Fear-based control: Stifling dissent through intimidation.
- Monotonous ideology: Inflexible adherence to a singular political viewpoint
- Secrecy and dominance: Lack of transparency and absolute control over decision-making.
This system exploited the following existing societal features:
- Paternalistic social structure: A top-down hierarchy where leaders are seen as father figures.
- Dogmatic religion: Religious institutions reinforcing obedience and conformist culture to authority figures.
- Subsistence farming: A population dependent on land and potentially vulnerable (his topic will be explored in greater detail in a forthcoming paper).
- Black-and-white thinking: A tendency for polarized views.
- Historical Manipulation: The Tigrayan struggle for self-determination (ወያነ) was used to justify
centralized control, self-serving political continuity, and manipulate the sacrifices of martyrs for the party’s own benefit.
The TPLF implemented a Leninist model, establishing a repressive regime to control a largely agrarian population. While initially overthrowing the Derg regime’s brutal rule, the TPLF subsequently exploited existing challenges to consolidate its own authoritarian power. Portraying itself as a savior, the party (ውድብ) fostered a harmful dependency among the people.
TPLF’s Demise: A Shattered SPOF
The death of Meles Zenawi exposed the inherent fragility of the TPLF’s single point of failure (SPOF) system. His personal cult and the centralized control he wielded began to crumble. The recent war further exacerbated these cracks, severely weakening the TPLF and fracturing it into self-serving factions. This fragmentation, coupled with the party’s long-standing system of clientelism (Hopkin, 2006), has created a state of paralysis in decision-making. The public’s perception of dependence on the TPLF (ውድብ), fueled by this clientelist structure, hinders positive social change and stifles the emergence of new ideas.
Systemic Impasse: A Breeding Ground for Fear and Poverty
The root causes of fear and poverty in Tigray extend far beyond individual actors. They lie within the very fabric of the social and political system. This system encompasses political ideology, cultural norms, education structures, social hierarchy, religious institutions, governance practices, and economic models. These interconnected elements create a vicious cycle that perpetuates fear and poverty. The TPLF, rather than working to dismantle this system, has manipulated and reinforced it to solidify its grip on power.
Obstacles to Change
Several factors hinder progress:
- Religious Stagnation: Despite promoting secularism, the TPLF exploited the historical connection between religion and politics in Tigray. This manipulation reinforced a rigid, hierarchical religious structure and a patriarchal Structures and paternalistic culture within society, both of which hinder reform efforts.
- Military Entanglement: Due to their historical ties to the TPLF, high-ranking military officials view themselves as guardians of the party’s legacy. This perspective creates resistance to reforms that might weaken their own power.
- Elite Apathy: The Tigrayan elite’s inaction perpetuates the status quo. Several factors contribute to this:
- Blame Game and Defeatism: They remain entrenched in finger-pointing and a sense of defeat, hindering progress.
- Fragile Egos: A strong sense of pride can make it difficult for them to collaborate and work together effectively.
- Fear of Failure: Aversion to risk-taking and a culture of zero tolerance for mistakes discourage them from taking action.
- Comfort in the System: Their dependence on the existing power structure discourages them from advocating for change.
· Destabilizing External Environment: The Horn of Africa is a region historically fraught with tensions, nationalist rivalries, and resource competition. This volatile context creates several challenges for social change within Tigray:
- Wary Neighbors: Neighboring countries, historically harboring suspicion or animosity towards Tigray, might be hesitant to support internal reform efforts.
- Jingoistic Opportunists: External actors with strong expansionist agendas exploit internal divisions within Tigray to further their own interests. This involve manipulating ethnic tensions or providing support to certain factions within the region, ultimately hindering progress towards a unified and reformed Tigray.
- Resource Grab, Not Reform: Global powers with economic interests in the Horn might prioritize resource extraction over promoting social change. This could involve overlooking human rights abuses or corruption if it allows access to valuable resources.
- Distractions and Complications: These external factors create distractions and add layers of complexity to the reform process within Tigray. The TPLF, adept at manipulating situations to its advantage, exploits these external pressures to maintain its single point of failure (SPOF) system. By portraying itself as the only force capable of navigating the region’s complexities, the TPLF discourages efforts to establish a more democratic and accountable political system.
Breaking the Cycle: A Multi-Pronged Approach
There’s no quick fix, but understanding the SPOF is the first step. Here are some potential solutions:
- Focus on Systemic Change: Movements advocating for a reformed political system are crucial.
- Benevolent Nationalism: Nationalistic leaders who prioritize progress can guide the change.
- Civic Engagement: Empowering the public through participation is essential.
- Decentralization: Distributing power creates a more resilient system.
- Merit-based Governance: Appointing qualified individuals, not just loyalists.
- Bottom-up Social Movements: Grassroots movements for change are vital.
Cultivating a Culture of Dialogy: Meaningful change requires fostering genuine discussions among all stakeholders. This includes fostering mutual respect, appreciating diverse perspectives, encouraging creative solutions, and promoting both open-mindedness and critical thinking.
A Gradual Transformation
Change won’t happen overnight. We need a long-term approach that maximizes opportunities for transformation. The goal is to achieve a balance between efficiency and resilience in Tigrayan politics. This will require a concerted effort from leaders, the public, and civil society to break free from the stranglehold of the SPOF and build a more robust political landscape for Tigray.
References
Hopkin, J. (2006). Clientelism and party politics. Handbook of party politics, 406-412.
Noveck, B. S. (2011). The single point of failure. Innovating Government: Normative, policy and technological dimensions of modern government, 77-99.
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I’m not sure if this Single Point of Failure ‘SPoF’ concept widely used in ICT, engineering, supply chain and other fields has any meaningful application to the political reality of Tigray unfolded over the past years.
In the first place, gross reluctance of the party (TPLF) to realize institutionalized & accountable work culture to a large extent explains the deep failure. The motive behind such persistent resistance is apparently related to the need to grasp power and resources. But it is also acknowledged that in the process of building sustainable institutionalized work culture not only the ‘few powerful’ but also the other majority followers have similar responsibilities. In this sense everybody has failed-legislatures, cabinet ministers, directors, commissioners, elites etc never attempted to build that culture within their sphere of control despite the presence of window of opportunities to do so.
Secondly, in the history of TPLF, no single occasion can be recalled that subjects inevitably faced the prediction of SPoF- total collapse due to the absence of system redundancy-although in real life we don’t duplicate mechanical parts to avoid the consequences of SPoF but replicate institutionalized accountabilities.
Thirdly, those involved in science knew the value of Big Data in solving complexities and don’t think the crises we have faced can be solved by translating the suggested linear ‘solutions’ into actions as their very nature demands more systematic and pragmatic approaches than simplified ‘advices’ posted on ordinary platforms.
The bottom line is we are the creators of a ‘free rider’ type of bureaucracy that never attempted to hold individuals and groups accountable for abusing their authorities and the solution lies on us-abide by the rule of law!